{"id":"CVE-2025-65855","url":"https://www.cyber-defence.io/tools/cve/CVE-2025-65855","generatedAt":"2026-10-28T03:24:53.285Z","title":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures.","description":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures. An attacker with brief physical access can activate OTA mode (8-second button press), create a malicious WiFi AP using the known credentials, and serve malicious firmware via unauthenticated HTTP to achieve arbitrary code execution on this safety-critical emergency signaling device.","published":"2025-12-17T17:15:51.000Z","lastModified":"2026-10-13T11:10:00.000Z","status":"Analyzed","sourceIdentifier":"cve@mitre.org","cvss":{"version":"3.1","score":6.6,"severity":"MEDIUM","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H"},"cwe":["CWE-319","CWE-494","CWE-798"],"affected":["netun/helpflash iot firmware"],"epss":{"score":0.00104,"percentile":0.01009,"date":"2026-10-26","history":[]},"kev":{"listed":false},"exploits":{"count":0,"verified":false,"firstPublished":null,"source":"Exploit-DB (https://gitlab.com/exploit-database/exploitdb)","entries":[]},"verdict":{"level":"low","text":"Lower severity and a low EPSS score (0.10%). Track it; it rarely justifies an emergency change on its own."},"changes":[],"references":[{"url":"https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.3.2/","tags":["Product"],"source":"cve@mitre.org"},{"url":"https://luismirandaacebedo.github.io/CVE-2025-65855/","tags":["Third Party Advisory"],"source":"cve@mitre.org"}],"sources":{"nvd":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65855","epss":"https://www.first.org/epss/","kev":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","exploitdb":"https://www.exploit-db.com/"},"licence":"CC BY 4.0 — link back to the CVE Explorer if you publish the results; upstream data remains subject to its own terms."}