{"id":"CVE-2016-2098","url":"https://www.cyber-defence.io/tools/cve/CVE-2016-2098","generatedAt":"2026-11-05T05:35:27.140Z","title":"Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby code by leveraging an application's unrestricted use of the render method.","description":"Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby code by leveraging an application's unrestricted use of the render method.","published":"2016-04-07T23:59:07.000Z","lastModified":"2026-06-17T00:43:26.000Z","status":"Modified","sourceIdentifier":"secalert@redhat.com","cvss":{"version":"3.0","score":7.3,"severity":"HIGH","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L"},"cwe":["CWE-20"],"affected":["debian/debian linux","rubyonrails/rails","rubyonrails/ruby on rails"],"epss":{"score":0.81445,"percentile":0.9964,"date":"2026-11-04","history":[{"date":"2026-09-21","score":0.84987,"percentile":0.99707},{"date":"2026-09-22","score":0.81445,"percentile":0.99622}]},"kev":{"listed":false},"exploits":{"count":1,"verified":true,"firstPublished":"2016-07-11","source":"Exploit-DB (https://gitlab.com/exploit-database/exploitdb)","entries":[{"edbId":40086,"kind":"exploit","title":"Ruby on Rails ActionPack Inline ERB - Code Execution (Metasploit)","url":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40086","sourceUrl":"https://gitlab.com/exploit-database/exploitdb/-/blob/main/exploits/ruby/remote/40086.rb","file":"exploits/ruby/remote/40086.rb","published":"2016-07-11","added":"2016-07-11","updated":"2016-07-11","author":"Metasploit","type":"remote","platform":"ruby","port":80,"verified":true,"codes":["CVE-2016-2098"],"tags":"Metasploit Framework (MSF)","aliases":null,"applicationUrl":null,"screenshotUrl":null,"referenceUrl":null}]},"verdict":{"level":"urgent","text":"EPSS puts the probability of exploitation in the next 30 days at 81.4%, higher than 100% of all known CVEs. Patch or mitigate before the next change window."},"changes":[],"references":[{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00057.html","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00080.html","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00083.html","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00086.html","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00006.html","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00053.html","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2016/2/29/Rails-4-2-5-2-4-1-14-2-3-2-22-2-have-been-released/","tags":["Patch","Vendor Advisory"],"source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3509","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/83725","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035122","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"https://groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=rubyonrails-security/ly-IH-fxr_Q/WLoOhcMZIAAJ","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40086/","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00057.html","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00080.html","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00083.html","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00086.html","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00006.html","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00053.html","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2016/2/29/Rails-4-2-5-2-4-1-14-2-3-2-22-2-have-been-released/","tags":["Patch","Vendor Advisory"],"source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3509","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/83725","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035122","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"https://groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=rubyonrails-security/ly-IH-fxr_Q/WLoOhcMZIAAJ","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"},{"url":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40086/","source":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108"}],"sources":{"nvd":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-2098","epss":"https://www.first.org/epss/","kev":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","exploitdb":"https://www.exploit-db.com/"},"licence":"CC BY 4.0 — link back to the CVE Explorer if you publish the results; upstream data remains subject to its own terms."}